Sudan (Republic of the Sudan) is located in the northeastern part of Africa. It borders Egypt, Chad, the Central African Republic (CAR), South Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea and Libya. The capital is the city of Khartoum, located at the confluence of the two rivers White Nile and Blue Nile. 70% of the population are Arabs. The government system is a republic. The head of state is the president.
Climate. The country has a typical subtropical and tropical climate with several characteristic features. The northern part of Sudan, including the capital Khartoum, has a subtropical climate with very hot summers and relatively mild winters. In summer, temperatures can reach 40°C or more. In winter, temperatures are lower but remain warm. The southern regions of the republic, closer to the equator, have a tropical climate with high humidity and more uniform temperatures all year round. Here rainfall is more distributed and there are two rainy seasons a year.
Number. In 2023 the population was 49,197,555.
Language. A multilingual state with a variety of ethnic groups. However, among the official and most common languages, Arabic and English can be distinguished. Arabic is the official language and is widely used in government and formal business settings. English is used in education and business. Local languages such as Nubian, Bari, Nuba, Dinka, Fula and others are also spoken in different regions of Sudan.
Sudan's economy has been affected by many factors, including political instability and civil conflict. Agriculture plays an important role in Sudan's economy. Agricultural crops such as sorghum, sugarcane and cotton are grown extensively and this sector employs 70% of the population. Oil is a key export commodity and source of income for the country. Sudan has significant mining resources, including gold and chrome, which are exported.
Sudan has been subject to sanctions by many countries and international organizations due to political conflicts and human rights violations, and the country's economy has faced financial instability, including inflation and problems accessing international financial resources.
The educational system in the Republic of Sudan has been subject to change over the years due to political and social conflicts, including lack of funding, lack of qualified teachers, low quality of education and its accessibility to all segments of the population. Education is compulsory for children aged 6 to 13 years. However, access to it and its quality can vary greatly in different regions of the country.
Access to health care can also be uneven, depending on geographic location and economic status. The capital Khartoum and major cities of the republic have a relatively well-developed healthcare infrastructure with hospitals, clinics and other institutions. However, in rural and remote areas, access to health care may be severely limited. Political conflicts and infighting in some regions may interfere with the provision of health care. Many health workers and health facilities face difficulties accessing patients in conflict zones.
Sudan has a diverse cultural heritage, and many ordinary people follow traditional customs and rituals, especially in rural areas. Religion, particularly Islam, plays an important role in the daily lives of many Sudanese. Family is of great importance in Sudanese society, and many families live in multi-generational households. Many local residents face economic difficulties due to high inflation and volatile prices for food and other essential goods.
